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dat落ち
ハンJ生物学部
http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/korea/1535793813/
探検
ハンJ生物学部 2
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前スレ
dat落ち
ハンJ生物学部
http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/korea/1535793813/
スウェーデンのカロリンスカ研究所は１日、２０１８年のノーベル医学生理学賞を京都大高等研究院の本庶佑（ほんじょ・たすく）特別教授（７６）と米テキサス大のジェームズ・アリソン教授の２氏に授与すると発表した。
本庶氏は免疫の働きにブレーキをかけるたんぱく質「ＰＤ−１」を発見し、このブレーキを取り除くことでがん細胞を攻撃する新しいタイプの「がん免疫療法」の開発に結びつけた功績が評価された。
2018-10-01
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
has today decided to award
the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
jointly to
James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo
for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
SUMMARY
Cancer kills millions of people every year and is one of humanity’s greatest health challenges.
By stimulating the inherent ability of our immune system to attack tumor cells this year’s Nobel Laureates have established an entirely new principle for cancer therapy.
James P. Allison studied a known protein that functions as a brake on the immune system.
He realized the potential of releasing the brake and thereby unleashing our immune cells to attack tumors.
He then developed this concept into a brand new approach for treating patients.
In parallel, Tasuku Honjo discovered a protein on immune cells and, after careful exploration of its function, eventually revealed that it also operates as a brake, but with a different mechanism of action.
Therapies based on his discovery proved to be strikingly effective in the fight against cancer.
Allison and Honjo showed how different strategies for inhibiting the brakes on the immune system can be used in the treatment of cancer.
The seminal discoveries by the two Laureates constitute a landmark in our fight against cancer.
Ishida, Y., Agata, Y., Shibahara, K., & Honjo, T. (1992).
Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death. EMBO J., 11(11), 3887–3895.
Leach, D. R., Krummel, M. F., & Allison, J. P. (1996).
Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade. Science, 271(5256), 1734–1736.
Kwon, E. D., Hurwitz, A. A., Foster, B. A., Madias, C., Feldhaus, A. L., Greenberg, N. M., Burg, M.B. & Allison, J.P. (1997).
Manipulation of T cell costimulatory and inhibitory signals for immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94(15), 8099–8103.
Nishimura, H., Nose, M., Hiai, H., Minato, N., & Honjo, T. (1999).
Development of Lupus-like Autoimmune Diseases by Disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor. Immunity, 11, 141–151.
Freeman, G.J., Long, A.J., Iwai, Y., Bourque, K., Chernova, T., Nishimura, H., Fitz, L.J., Malenkovich, N., Okazaki, T.,
Byrne, M.C., Horton, H.F., Fouser, L., Carter, L., Ling, V., Bowman, M.R., Carreno, B.M., Collins, M., Wood, C.R. & Honjo, T. (2000).
Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation. J Exp Med, 192(7), 1027–1034.
Willman, A., Padera, R., Jaklitsch, M.T., Shankar, S., Chen, T.C., Korman, A., Allison, J.P. & Dranoff, G. (2003).
Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100(8), 4712-4717.
Iwai, Y., Terawaki, S., & Honjo, T. (2005).
PD-1 blockade inhibits hematogenous spread of poorly immunogenic tumor cells by enhanced recruitment of effector T cells. Int Immunol, 17(2), 133–144.
まあ仕組みが単純でも作るのが難しいんやろうけど
この調子で近視と風邪と認知症も直して
がん治療の薬やで
がん細胞という元々自分の細胞だったやつを免疫に攻撃させるんや
戦時中やから暗視ホルモン使って爆撃機撃ち落とすようなもんやろ
ただ免疫機能を使うんやから素人考えでは限定的にしか出来なさそうに思えるけど聞く限りでは効果もすごいらしいな
癌治療の進展としてはかなりデカいんちゃうか
これにはゴロカスもニッコリやろなぁ
注射するんかね
55年振りの女性受賞
生理学・医学賞では屠呦呦が記憶に新しいと思います
今回の対象となった研究はレーザー物理学の分野です
アシュキン博士の光ピンセットは生体を捕獲して仕組みを調べることに応用され生物学とも深い関わりがあります
ムル博士とストリックランド博士は高強度パルス状レーザーの手法の効率化に貢献しました
レーザー治療として医療に応用されています
The Royal Swedish Academy of Scienceshas decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018
“for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics”
with one half to
Arthur Ashkin
Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, USA
“for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems”
and the other half jointly to
Gérard Mourou
École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
and
Donna Strickland
University of Waterloo, Canada
“for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses”
The inventions being honoured this year have revolutionised laser physics.
Extremely small objects and incredibly rapid processes are now being seen in a new light.
Advanced precision instruments are opening up unexplored areas of research and a multitude of industrial and medical applications.
Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers.
This new tool allowed Ashkin to realise an old dream of science fiction – using the radiation pressure of light to move physical objects.
He succeeded in getting laser light to push small particles towards the centre of the beam and to hold them there.
Optical tweezers had been invented.
A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them.
He immediately began studying biological systems and optical tweezers are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life.
Their revolutionary article was published in 1985 and was the foundation of Strickland’s doctoral thesis.
Using an ingenious approach, they succeeded in creating ultrashort high-intensity laser pulses without destroying the amplifying material.
First they stretched the laser pulses in time to reduce their peak power, then amplified them, and finally compressed them.
If a pulse is compressed in time and becomes shorter, then more light is packed together in the same tiny space – the intensity of the pulse increases dramatically.
Strickland and Mourou’s newly invented technique, called chirped pulse amplification, CPA, soon became standard for subsequent high-intensity lasers.
Its uses include the millions of corrective eye surgeries that are conducted every year using the sharpest of laser beams.
The innumerable areas of application have not yet been completely explored.
However, even now these celebrated inventions allow us to rummage around in the microworld in the best spirit of Alfred Nobel – for the greatest benefit to humankind.
発達障害で苦しむねらー諸君の心にも響きそうやね
いやむしろそれくらい当然だろう早くしろと言い出すのか
何にしろ苦しむ奴が居なくなれば良いけどもそれも生物学と優生学の問題がまた出てくるんやろうね
発達障害は遺伝子によるものやないやろ
エピジェネティクスなら関係あるかもしれんけど
先ずは致死性の遺伝子疾患の治療に使われるやろな
倫理的な問題は出てくるけど医学の原則から外れるものやないやろ
去勢のようなものやないんやから
遺伝子を変えてはならん決まりはあらへん
自閉症なんかだと遺伝子のコピーミスが原因って聞いたけど
カタルヘナ法が半分そんなもんやろ？
人間の遺伝子組み換えがいくらヒポクラテスの誓いを破る事がまず無いものではあっても
問題視されるもんではあるし医学的な技術だけで語るのはあかんわ
https://japanese.joins.com/article/j_article.php?aid=198552
>>26
取り敢えずこれで勉強するか
https://www.chem-station.com/chemglossary/2017/11/directed-evolution.html
生物の生存ってわかりやすく個体に関わる形質ならともかく
それで薬を作るってのは分かりにくいな
>>28
GAを本物の物質で行うようなもの？
https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/10/3/17931612/nobel-prize-2018-chemistry-directed-evolution-enzymes-antibodies
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