また、説明には、無限後退するメカニズムがあるのではないだろうか。ある対象に ついての説明を説明する説明1、その説明1を説明する説明2、その説明2を 説明する説明3……といった具合に、説明自体も無限後退できるので、説明は 原理的にはどこにも着地できないのである。つまり、私達は物事を普段なんとなく という曖昧な感覚で、ヒューリスティックに処理しているのが通常のことである。 形而上学は、このヒューリスティックな曖昧さをも哲学的に照射できるのであり、 こうした独自の解明は意味と価値を帯びるのである。 0034考える名無しさん2023/12/16(土) 17:34:57.710>>30の補足として、隣接行列はオーダー記法ではO(1)になるので、その計算量は 定数時間となり、処理回数も１回で済む。つまり、隣接行列はとても効率が良い アルゴリズムだと言える。 0035考える名無しさん2023/12/16(土) 17:53:29.190>>27 こういうのもあるんだな 0036考える名無しさん2023/12/16(土) 21:51:03.100>>34 低学歴脳障害の妄想 全く無意味 0037考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:34:18.120 Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘Why do people say that it was natural to think that the sun went round the Earth rather than that the Earth turned on its axis?’
Elizabeth Anscombe: ‘I suppose, because it looked as if the sun went round the Earth.’
Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘Well, what would it have looked like if it had looked as if the Earth turned on its axis?’ 0038考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:34:44.330 In this delightful exchange between Wittgenstein and his fellow philosopher (and biographer) Elizabeth Anscombe, the legendary Austrian thinker uses the Copernican revolution to illustrate the point that how things seem is not necessarily how they are. Although it seems as though the sun goes around the Earth, it is of course the Earth rotating around its own axis that gives us night and day, and it is the sun, not the Earth, that sits at the centre of the solar system. 0039考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:35:38.550 Nothing new here, you might think, and you’d be right. But Wittgenstein was driving at something deeper. His real message for Anscombe was that even with a greater understanding of how things actually are, at some level things still appear the same way they always did. 0040考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:35:58.230 Perceptions do not come from the bottom up or the outside in, they come primarily from the top down, or the inside out.
What we experience is built from the brain’s predictions, or ‘best guesses’, about the causes of sensory signals. As with the Copernican revolution, this top-down view of perception remains consistent with much of the existing evidence, leaving unchanged many aspects of how things seem, while at the same time changing everything. 0041考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:36:51.520 This is by no means a wholly new idea. The first glimmers of a top-down theory of perception emerge in ancient Greece, with Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. Prisoners, chained and facing a blank wall all their lives, see only the play of shadows cast by objects passing by a fire behind them, and they give the shadows names, because for them the shadows are what is real.
The allegory is that our own conscious perceptions are just like these shadows, indirect reflections of hidden causes that we can never directly encounter. More than a thousand years later, but still a thousand years ago, the Arab scholar Ibn al Haytham wrote that perception, in the here and now, depends on processes of ‘judgement and inference’ rather than providing direct access to an objective reality. 0042考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:37:28.880 Hundreds of years later again, Immanuel Kant realised that the chaos of unrestricted sensory data would always remain meaningless without being given structure by pre-existing conceptions, which for him included a priori frameworks like space and time.
Kant’s term noumenon refers to ‘things in themselves’ – Ding an sich – a mind-independent reality that will always be inaccessible to human perception, hidden behind a sensory veil. In neuroscience the story gets going with the German physicist and physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz. In the late nineteenth century, among a string of influential contributions, Helmholtz proposed the idea of perception as a process of ‘unconscious inference’. 0043考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:38:08.130 The contents of perception, he argued, are not given by sensory signals themselves but have to be inferred by combining these signals with the brain’s expectations or beliefs about their causes. 0044考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:38:39.030 In calling this process unconscious, Helmholtz understood that we are not aware of the mechanisms by which perceptual inferences happen, only of the results. Perceptual judgements – his ‘unconscious inferences’ – keep track of their causes in the world by continually and actively updating perceptual best guesses as new sensory data arrive.
Helmholtz saw himself as providing a scientific version of Kant’s insight that perception cannot allow us to know things in the world directly – that we can only infer that things are there, behind the sensory veil. 0045考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:39:10.700 In the 1970s, the psychologist Richard Gregory built on Helmholtz’s ideas in a different way, with his theory of perception as a kind of neural ‘hypothesis-testing’. According to Gregory, just as scientists test and update scientific hypotheses by obtaining data from experiments, the brain is continually formulating perceptual hypotheses about the way the world is – based on past experiences and other forms of stored information – and testing these hypotheses by acquiring data from the sensory organs. Perceptual content, for Gregory, is determined by the brain’s best-supported hypotheses. 0046考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 08:40:08.190>>37->>45 から分かるように、人は外界それ自体をそのままストレートに認識して いるのでなく、脳による推論や予測モデルを表象しているのに過ぎないのである。 また、その脳内の認識にはヒエラルキー構造があって、知覚の像を物の輪郭のような、 より単純な下層のレイヤーから形成し、徐々に人間の顔のような複雑な対象で あっても、それに対応する上層の複雑な対象を知覚する脳のレイヤーへと 認識プロセスが一連のフローとして処理されていくことになる。
哲学とは、最大の努力で最小の効果を得るもの、だけどね。 0056考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 18:40:12.750>>50 よくそこまでくだらないことを真剣に（？）考えられるねw 0057考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 19:09:34.610 英文は英語のまま読むものであり、訳して読むものではない 0058考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 19:11:00.320 意味のない文 無価値 0059考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 19:13:46.450 Indeterminacy of translation 0060考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 19:15:58.320 The indeterminacy of translation is a thesis propounded by 20th-century American analytic philosopher W. V. Quine. The classic statement of this thesis can be found in his 1960 book Word and Object, which gathered together and refined much of Quine's previous work on subjects other than formal logic and set theory.
The indeterminacy of translation is also discussed at length in his Ontological Relativity. Crispin Wright suggests that this "has been among the most widely discussed and controversial theses in modern analytical philosophy".
This view is endorsed by Hilary Putnam, who states that it is "the most fascinating and the most discussed philosophical argument since Kant's Transcendental Deduction of the Categories". 0061考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 19:17:18.990>>57 ネイティブじゃないと理解できないんだよね。 気候も風土も家族関係も違うから。 0062考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 19:18:28.420>>60 翻訳の問題じゃなくて、言葉そのものの問題だよw 0063考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 19:22:14.430 Three aspects of indeterminacy arise, of which two relate to indeterminacy of translation.The three indeterminacies are (i) inscrutability of reference, and (ii) holophrastic indeterminacy, and (iii) the underdetermination of scientific theory.
The last of these, not discussed here, refers to Quine's assessment that evidence alone does not dictate the choice of a scientific theory, as different theories – observationally equivalent – may be able to explain the same facts.
The first refers to indeterminacy in interpreting individual words or sub-sentences. The second refers to indeterminacy in entire sentences or more extensive portions of discourse.
英語に限らず、ドイツ語、フランス語も、きっとそうしているんだろうな。 たぶん、ラテン語、ギリシア語もそうなのだろう。 0068考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:03:15.980 では、ウィトゲンシュタイスレだから、今後はドイツ語やるということで。 楽しみができましたよ。 0069考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:07:49.950 Das ist gut. Aber wäre Englisch nicht besser, da ich als Universitätslehrer in England gearbeitet habe? 0070考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:09:41.290>>67 日本語だってそうさね。 日本人は日本の文献のみ研究することだね。
それだと漢字を使っちゃいけいない、って？ そ、そうかもしれん・・・ 0071考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:16:19.470 Auf Deutsch, bitte. 0072考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:33:00.100 にっぽんじんは、にっぽんごしか、つかっちゃいけんよ。 えいごとかいうてきせいごも、どいつごとかいうなちすのことばも、きんしするべき。 すうじゅうせだいにわたってつかわれてきたちゅうごくごなら、まあ、ゆるしてやろう。 0073考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:33:40.190 低学歴丸出し 0074考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:39:33.830 Ich gebe zu, dass ich ein niedriges Bildungsniveau habe, aber warum ist es schlecht, ein niedriges Bildungsniveau zu haben? Wenn Sie kein deutscher Muttersprachler sind, können Sie dann etwas in gebrochenem Deutsch ausdrücken? 0075考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:48:01.590>>74 低学歴は人間じゃないから自殺しな？ 0076考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 20:53:20.450>>75 Bitte auf Deutsch schreiben. 0077考える名無しさん2023/12/17(日) 21:02:34.850 The plausible idea about an isomorphic substance https://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/philo/1660579002/
Example of a two-tone (aka ‘Mooney’) image. On first viewing, this image appears as a series of meaningless black and white patches. To experience the effect of top-down knowledge on perception, the reader should look at the template in Fig. 2a for some time before returning to this two-tone image. 0090考える名無しさん2023/12/18(月) 07:01:13.980 Sinewave synthesis, or sine wave speech, is a technique for synthesizing speech by replacing the formants (main bands of energy) with pure tone whistles. The first sinewave synthesis program (SWS) for the automatic creation of stimuli for perceptual experiments was developed by Philip Rubin at Haskins Laboratories in the 1970s. This program was subsequently used by Robert Remez, Philip Rubin, David Pisoni, and other colleagues to show that listeners can perceive continuous speech without traditional speech cues, i.e., pitch, stress, and intonation. This work paved the way for a view of speech as a dynamic pattern of trajectories through articulatory-acoustic space. 0091考える名無しさん2023/12/18(月) 07:14:22.080https://illusionsetc.blogspot.com/2005/12/checker-shadow-optical-illusion.html
Checker Shadow Optical Illusion Revisited It occurred to me today that the Checker Shadow Optical Illusion that I presented here could have been better presented if it fit my blogs color scheme so I decided to modify the original. I gave it a black background and changed the light source.
The bottom line is still the same. Square A and Square B below are the exact same color. Hard to believe isn't it?
I look at this and find it hard to believe. But I used the extension in Firefox called colorzilla which provides you with an eyedropper tool. I checked both of squares and sure enough the RGB values of the grays in both square A and square B are 135-135-135. 0092考える名無しさん2023/12/18(月) 07:23:22.750>>89->>91から分かるのは、私達が外界や対象をあるがままに認識出来ないという経験である。脳は対象を経験や予備知識、常識、理論などをもとに予測モデルを構築して、デフォルメされた状態で対象や外界を知覚するので、物事を正しく知覚、認識出来ない、ということがここでの観点になる。
つまり、脳は原理的にハルシネーションを有しているのである 0093考える名無しさん2023/12/18(月) 07:28:12.260 The dress の実験もそうだが、人は同じドレスを見ても、人によって全く違う色のコーディネートをそこに知覚してしまう。要するに、私達は外界そのものを純粋に知覚しているのでなく、自己が有している偏差や歪像を自己投影法的に外界へと照射し、それを真と誤解しながら認識しているのである。 0094考える名無しさん2023/12/18(月) 07:39:06.660 Perception reflects not only input from the sensory periphery, but also the endogenous neural state when sensory inputs enter the brain.
Whether endogenous neural states influence perception only through global mechanisms, such as arousal, or can also perception in a neural circuit and stimulus specific manner remains largely unknown. Intracranial... 0095考える名無しさん2023/12/18(月) 08:01:00.270 無学のゴミの妄想なんて誰も読むわけねーだろ自殺しとけ脳障害低学歴 0096考える名無しさん2023/12/18(月) 10:58:53.710>>94 なんでドイツ語じゃないんだ？w
