0004名無しさん＠英語勉強中2012/07/13(金) 00:54:23.04 The past several months have witnessed a heated debate over the best way for the United States and Israel to respond to Iran's nuclear activities. As the argument has raged, the United States has tightened its already robust sanctions regime against the Islamic Republic, and the European Union announced in January that it will begin an embargo on Iranian oil on July 1. Although the United States, the EU, and Iran have recently returned to the negotiating table, a palpable sense of crisis still looms. 和訳しよう。 0005名無しさん＠英語勉強中2012/07/13(金) 09:26:41.27 Magic Tree Houseシリーズって大人が読んでも結構面白いね
This is the simplest yardstick of economic performance. If one person, firm or country can produce more of something with the same amount of effort and resources, they have an absolute advantage over other producers. 0090名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/15(月) NY:AN:NY.AN Top 100 Authors yesterday 1.Doyle, Arthur Conan (3293) 2.Twain, Mark (2670) 3.Austen, Jane (2183) 4.Dickens, Charles (1971) 5.Doré, Gustave (1671) 6.Dante Alighieri (1554) 7.Carroll, Lewis (1420) 8.Shakespeare, William (1306) 9.Cary, Henry Francis (1292) 10.Wilde, Oscar (1218) 11.Grimm, Wilhelm (902) 12.Grimm, Jacob (902) 13.Wells, H. G. (Herbert George) (889) 14.Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank) (855) 15.Plato (833) 16.Hugo, Victor (832) 17.Melville, Herman (807) 18.Stevenson, Robert Louis (803) 19.Sharkey, Jack (793) 20.Poe, Edgar Allan (790) 21.Joyce, James (784) 0091名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/15(月) NY:AN:NY.AN 無料公開してる作品にろくなものがなかったから とりあえず有名なやつ読んでみるか的な悲しいランキングだな 0092名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN k 0093名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN In this paper we confirm the universality of steadily rising education expenditures among OECD nations, as predicted by “Baumol and Bowen’s cost disease,” and show that this trajectory of costs can be expected to continue for the foreseeable future. 0094名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN lactating 母乳プレイ saggy tits 垂れ乳 big areola デカ乳輪 inverted nipple 陥没乳首 double penetration 前後両方に挿入 interracial 異人種プレイ groping 痴漢 flashing 露出 pov 主観 missionary position 正常位 softcore レズ含め絡み無しのポルノ 0095名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN アダルト小説必須単語 0096名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN gangbang 乱交、輪姦 stepdaughter 継娘 MILF Mother I'd Like to Fuck ヤリたくなるような母 blow job フェラ upskirt パンチラ voyeur のぞき、盗撮 nun 修道女 0097名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN 貧乳 small boobs 微乳 flat boobs 乳首 nipple オッパイ tit tits Juggs knockers rack 巨乳 boobs bust(y) huge tits big tits big Juggs giants tits Marvellous Melons 0098名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN 獣姦 bestiality 輪姦 gangbang デブ専 chub chubby bbw plumper fat ニューハーフ shemale Trans 色黒 ebony 盗撮 sneak shot hidden cam（s） spy cam のぞき voyeur Voyeurism Peeping tom パンチラ upskirt 0099名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN 久しぶりにスッポン飼いたいなー。 フロリダスッポンが好きー 0100名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN みんなスッポンを病院に連れてくときってどうしてる？ 4月も末だってのに寒いし、水に入れて運んだら風邪ひきそうで心配 なんかいい方法あったら教えてください 0101名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN The Trionychidae are a taxonomic family of a number of turtle genera commonly known as softshells. They are also sometimes called pancake turtles (although they are distinct from the pancake tortoise). Softshells consist of some of the world's largest freshwater turtles, though many can adapt to living in highly brackish areas. 0102名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN スッポン 0103名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN スッポン飼いたいな 0104名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/17(水) NY:AN:NY.AN 著者はなんと小学校3年生！ある日みなしごの赤ちゃんコウモリを拾い、育て、観察した日記です。コウモリの不思議さ、可愛らしさ、面白さ、そして飼育の大変さが、大人では気付かない視点で書かれています。 0105名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/18(木) NY:AN:NY.AN |/-O-O-ヽ| ﾌﾞﾂﾌﾞﾂ･･･ | . : )'e'( : . | ｀ ‐-＝-‐ ／ ＼ ||＼￣￣￣￣￣￣ ＼ ||＼＼. ＼ ∧＿∧ ||. .＼＼ ＼ ( ；´Д｀) （ｵｲ、なんか変なのがいるぞ） . ＼＼ ＼ / ヽ. . ＼＼ ／ .| | | . ＼∧＿∧ (⌒＼|_＿./ ./ （ ´,_・・`）目合わせるなって ∧＿∧ . _/ ヽ ＼ （ ） うわー、こっち見てるよ 0106名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/18(木) NY:AN:NY.AN やばいやつ|/-O-O-ヽ| ﾌﾞﾂﾌﾞﾂ･･･ | . : )'e'( : . | ｀ ‐-＝-‐ ／ ＼ ||＼￣￣￣￣￣￣ ＼ ||＼＼. ＼ ∧＿∧ ||. .＼＼ ＼ ( ；´Д｀) （ｵｲ、なんか変なのがいるぞ） . ＼＼ ＼ / ヽ. . ＼＼ ／ .| | | . ＼∧＿∧ (⌒＼|_＿./ ./ （ ´,_・・`）目合わせるなって ∧＿∧ . _/ ヽ ＼ （ ） うわー、こっち見てるよ 0107名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/18(木) NY:AN:NY.AN |/-O-O-ヽ| ﾌﾞﾂﾌﾞﾂ･･･ | . : )'e'( : . | ｀ ‐-＝-‐ ／ ＼ ||＼￣￣￣￣￣￣ ＼ ||＼＼. ＼ ∧＿∧ ||. .＼＼ ＼ ( ；´Д｀) （ｵｲ、なんか変なのがいるぞ） . ＼＼ ＼ / ヽ. . ＼＼ ／ .| | | . ＼∧＿∧ (⌒＼|_＿./ ./ （ ´,_・・`）目合わせるなって ∧＿∧ . _/ ヽ ＼ （ ） うわー、こっち見てるよ 0108名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/18(木) NY:AN:NY.AN 野生動物は飼育不可 0109名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/22(月) NY:AN:NY.AN yiusho 0110名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/22(月) NY:AN:NY.AN みんなスッポンを病院に連れてくときってどうしてる？ 4月も末だってのに寒いし、水に入れて運んだら風邪ひきそうで心配 なんかいい方法あったら教えてください 0111名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/24(水) NY:AN:NY.AN basic word listって、ざっと見た感じだとSVLの10〜12あたりと英単語の部屋 を合わせた感じでかなり信頼性の高いリストだと思った。 0112名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/25(木) NY:AN:NY.AN 亀飼いたい 0113名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/26(金) NY:AN:NY.AN /）_/） < ﾟ _･ﾟ> おはようございます ﾉ） / | 今日も何だか雲行きが怪しいですね ＼(＿,,,_,,,） 0114名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/26(金) NY:AN:NY.AN 最近多読してるんだけど、そのうち読むの早くなるかな？ 寝る前に２時間ほど読んでるけど眠気がはんぱない 脳に負荷がかかりすぎて早死にするんじゃないかと危惧している 0115名無しさん＠英語勉強中2013/07/26(金) NY:AN:NY.AN 小学校一年生くらいのころ、友達に、夜店で買ったというミドリガメを貰いました。 とろあえず洗面器に入れて飼育の方法を友人から聞いている間 横で特に何も言わずにいた母が、友人が帰宅するやいなや 「かわいそうでしょしょ！自分が閉じ込められて暮らしたらどんな気持ちがする！？ ほら、首をかしげて悲しそうにしているわ！逃がしてきなさい！」 と何度も何度もきつく私に詰寄り、ついに根負けした私は 近くの空き地の草むらに一緒に捨てに行き、置き去りにしてきました。
アメリカは真摯に謝罪すべきだと思う。 大日本帝国にではない。 俺の祖父母に対してだ。 --------------------------------------------- こういった先祖から子孫へ語り継ぐ行為は非常に大事だと思う。 朝鮮系民族とは対照的に、惨状を噛みしめ耐えるというのが日本人の特徴。 だが世界に出てみるとわかるが、黙っていると悪人に仕立てられ果ては加害者にされる事すらあり得る。 原爆に関しては、日本は唯一の被爆国であり、その惨状を世界に向けて発信する義務があり権利も有している。 当時の事を知る人々が生存してるうちに、少しでも話を聞きそれを後世に伝えるべきだ。 ガイドの仕事をする際に、基本的に「もてなしの心」も必要。だからと言って反日を口にする客に媚びる必要もない。 報酬は得ても魂を売る必要はない。 0149名無しさん＠英語勉強中2014/08/09(土) 20:35:36.66ID:parun3Zo ↑アメリカとか日本人はこういうのはきりがないってのは悟ってるからああだこうだこだわらないんだよ。 0150名無しさん＠英語勉強中2014/08/09(土) 21:01:27.50ID:yOErwvIG だよな。 アメリカがベトナムに負けて北米大陸を占領されたベトナム戦争なんか、アメリカ人は全く知らないくらい忘れてるしな 0151名無しさん＠英語勉強中2014/08/10(日) 11:59:22.47ID:CD+Xi7aV そうゆうてぐちはどこの国でも使ってる 国内問題から国民の目をそらすため それで国どうしがいがみあえばしめしめで、自分たちは安泰 人間なんてあれもこれもこっちもあっちも考えていられない あのことで頭がいっぱいになれば、こっちは忘れる 0152名無しさん＠英語勉強中2014/08/13(水) 22:45:30.52ID:NimFRutH As long as we stay domestic discussion using japanese language,the world never understand our Japanese standpoint, especially never know the fact of a war-time prostitute and so-called Nankin massacre. After studying English 35 years,I still can not write English sentence correctly.It my regret.So,I tell you young Japanese people,please study hard.Master English literacy,and study Japanese modern history, and counterattack anti-Japan political concocted false propaganda by our neighboring countrys. 0153名無しさん＠英語勉強中2014/08/17(日) 21:22:09.01ID:31KI9ykY 洋書を読むなんて大それたことだな。稀に、電車の中で原書を読んでいる若い 女性を見ることがある。すごいなと感心する。お婆さんが、電子辞書を時々、 見ながら読んでいるのを見たことがある。有名な翻訳家なのかしらと思ったり する。洋書購読という知的な趣味をもっていると、暇をもて余すことはない し、努力の賜物だなとひたすら尊敬してしまう。そういう俺も最近は少しは 読めるようになってきた。しかし、解釈確認のため日本語の翻訳本が必要な レベルなんで自慢はできない。英語学習はゴールがなくて、本当に奥が深い。 でも、「英語を勉強していて本当によかった！」と思っている。（笑） 0154昼ﾗｲﾄ点灯虫ﾏﾆｬﾃﾞﾁ性欲欠落ﾎﾓｱｽﾍﾟﾙｹﾞｲ03系3重障壁ﾊﾞｾﾄﾞｳ綿飴箸JAL1232015/03/22(日) 10:20:06.93ID:aqftBJXp １５の不思議な物語(A Twist in the Tale) http://www.tora-2.com/ATwistintheTale.HTM 輸入盤DVDオンラインショップ：DVD Fantasium Twist In The Tale（） http://www.fantasium.com/detail.phtml?ID=TVC34805
この作品は、 A Twist in the Tale でアマゾン検索すると、イギリスで小説が売られているようなのですが、 これは、ドラマと同じものになるのでしょうか？
質問まとめ １・アマゾンでイギリスで出てくるA Twist in the Taleという小説は、ドラマと同じなのでしょうか？ ２・イギリスで放映されたドラマなのに、アメリカでDVD化されるということはあるのでしょうか？ 0155名無しさん＠英語勉強中2015/03/22(日) 17:13:18.89ID:9mRGASD4 ここは荒らしスレです。下記本スレに移動して下さい。
What Is Good English? Conclusion of Modern English: Its Growth and Present Use, by George Philip Krapp (1909)
In the discussions of the preceding pages a good deal has been said here and there concerning good English and bad English.
It may be of advantage to gather together, by way of conclusion, the various threads of these discussions, and to endeavor to present some connected answer to the ever-recurring question, What is good English ?
It is plain that the question of good English may arise with reference to any of the different sides of language.
Thus the point to be determined may be one of sound, or pronunciation; of words, or vocabulary; or one of grammarin the narrower sense, the way in which the sounds and words of the language are united for the expression of thought.
But the principles which govern the answer to all questions of good English, whether of pronunciation, or vocabulary, or grammar, are the same. 0157名無しさん＠英語勉強中2015/04/06(月) 05:01:51.03ID:RFDvgt1t What Is Good English ? 2 ここまでは、起承転結の「起」「掴み」の部分。 sound, or pronunciation; of words, or vocabulary; or one of grammar いわゆる、「正しい英語とは違う価値観がある」という問題提起がされている。
The feeling which underlies the distinctions of right and wrong, of good and bad, is a general feeling for the language as a whole, and the threefold division that has been made is only of practical value as a convenient way of ordering the various kinds of detail which come up for discussion. 0158えワ2015/04/14(火) 22:42:50.92ID:wCo69CeF What Is Good English ? 3
Any English that "hits the mark" In the first place, there should be a clear understanding of the difference between "good English" and "conventional" or "standard English."
Standard English is likely to be good English, but all good English is not necessarily standard English.
What, then, is good English? The purpose of language being the satisfactory communication of thought and feeling, that is good English which performs this function satisfactorily.
Such a definition of good English, it will be observed, is purely utilitarian and practical. It defines good English only in the terms of its activity, without reference to any theoretical and abstract conceptions of its value or significance. Whenever two minds come into satisfactory contact with each other, through the medium of language, we have then, so far as each instance taken by itself is concerned, a good use of language.
The rustic with his dialect, and in his own homogeneous dialect community, realizes as much the purpose of language as the most polished speaker in the "best society" of the city.
Each expresses himself satisfactorily and is understood satisfactorily, and more than this language at its best cannot do.
Our definition of good English is, therefore, very simple; any English that "hits the mark" is good English.
To hit the mark in the center, it must express exactly what the speaker or writer wishes to express, in such linguistic terms as will convey to the hearer or reader exactly those impressions which it is intended that he shall receive.
難しい表現はないけど、似た単語が出てくるんで、これをしっかり掴まないと、何を言っているか分からなくなる。 特に、形容詞の違いを確認しておかないと、「一から読み直し」になってしまう。 0159えワ2015/04/15(水) 02:54:00.94ID:/XSpTrq4 What Is Good English ? 4
When we come to analyze the situation a little more closely, however,we find that there are various kinds of good English, that the question of "bad English" usually arises when one kind of English is used in circumstances which require a different kind, when one has tried to hit the mark with the wrong arrow.
Thus there is that form of English which is known as "popular English." This is the speech of those who, usually through limited experience and education, are unacquainted with the usage which the community in general regards as the better social custom.
Sometimes, as in the poetry of Burns, it is made the vehicle for literary expression. Usually, however, it is a purely colloquial speech. Naturally, the limits of popular English are not absolutely defined, but are largely a matter of opinion.
The term usually carries with it some unfavorable connotations.
Popular English is the "vulgar" English of the lower classes of society.
But just who these lower classes are, just the dividing line between the upper and the lower, these are matters hard to determine. A positive test of culture, outside the dogmatic opinion of individuals, has never yet been discovered.
Certainly it can hardly be said that the person who has received the conventional education is, by and for that reason solely, a more highly cultivated person than one who has not.
「いい英語」と「悪い英語」 ただ、「悪くない英語」が「いい英語」ではない。 最後、「いい英語」は学歴で変わるか、は面白い問で、 大卒、文学部が分かりやすいね、「いい英語」を話す人間が少数派になる。 0160えワ2015/05/12(火) 18:25:36.97ID:WFo4Lft9 What Is Good English ? 5 ちょっと長いけど、「い英語は専門家が決めるものではない」の続き。 「３種類のスピーチ」の意味が取れなければ、全文を読み返す事になる。
If left to itself, its tendency would be to develop into a highly specialized and artificial form of expression-- a special high-caste language for literature that would grow less and less real and expressive as it detached itself more and more from the colloquial speech in which the common human concerns of life and death find their most intimate expression.
It is perhaps better, therefore, to speak of these three kinds of speech, popular, colloquial, and literary, not as three distinct and separate species, but rather as three tendencies of development of what is at bottom one speech, and that a popular speech in the sense that it comes directly from the experiences of men and women, in the immediate affairs of life.
Language, as Walt Whitman says, "is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground. Its final decisions are made by the masses, people nearest the concrete, having most to do with actual land and sea."
Each of these three tendencies of English speech has its appropriate uses. They are three kinds of arrows with which different speakers at different moments strive to hit the mark of good English. 0161えワ2015/05/12(火) 19:38:20.38ID:YU0wLlHF ／￣￣￣)_ ／ ／￣￣~ヽ ＼ ( / ヽ ) V 二 | / /￣￣￣￣￣￣￣ (⌒ ヘ ヘ ⌒) | 日本は ＼| -・/ ・- /／ | 韓国と ヽ (ヽ_ノ ) ノ | 断交しても ／＼⌒ ／＼ ＜ 何にも困らねーし・・・ | ﾚ只∨ | |＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ | |.菅.∨.義. | |
A second kind of English is called "colloquial English." This is the speech of the commonplace concerns of daily life and of less serious conversation, a speech freer and less conscious than formal speech, but not carrying with it the suggestion of illiteracy which characterizes popular speech. The degree of colloquialism which one permits, in one's self or in others, depends on the subject of conversation, on the intimacy of the acquaintanceship of the persons speaking, and in general on all the attendant circumstances.
こっちは「書き言葉」 A third kind of English is "formal or literary English." This is the English of public speaking, of more formal conversation, and of printed and written literature. It varies widely in the degree of its formality, the style of a philosophic treatise being appropriately more formal than that of a light essay. There is also one manner of speaking for the pulpit and another for the lecture-platform, one manner for the judge in court and another for the stump orator. The line of demarcation between formal and colloquial English is not sharp, just as it is not between colloquial and popular English. The style of some authors or public speakers, for example, is decidedly more colloquial, more familiar, than that of others. With all, however, whatever the degree of formality, the dependence of the literary speech upon the colloquial speech of natural intercourse is necessary. It is from the colloquial speech that the literary speech has its vitality.
If left to itself, its tendency would be to develop into a highly specialized and artificial form of expression--a special high-caste language for literature that would grow less and less real and expressive as it detached itself more and more from the colloquial speech in which the common human concerns of life and death find their most intimate expression.
It is perhaps better, therefore, to speak of these three kinds of speech, popular, colloquial, and literary, not as three distinct and separate species, but rather as three tendencies of development of what is at bottom one speech, and that a popular speech in the sense that it comes directly from the experiences of men and women, in the immediate affairs of life. 0179名無しさん＠英語勉強中2015/05/18(月) 01:02:19.42ID:aq2w0lpu ハリポタ読んでるけど飽きた 0180えワ2015/05/18(月) 19:43:21.96ID:7pAAu77C>>179 飽きたら無理して読むのは止めた方がいいだろうね。 「次に何が起こるか」のワクワク感がないと、英語に限らず、本はつまらないからね。 一休みのつもりで、何か別の事をすればいい。 0181名無しさん＠英語勉強中2015/05/18(月) 19:46:31.09ID:7pAAu77C What Is Good English ? ８
Language, as Walt Whitman says, "is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground. Its final decisions are made by the masses, people nearest the concrete, having most to do with actual land and sea."
Each of these three tendencies of English speech has its appropriate uses. They are three kinds of arrows with which different speakers at different moments strive to hit the mark of good English.
「三本の矢＝三種類の英語」の意味が取れなければ最初からもう一度になるね。 0182えワ2015/05/19(火) 16:20:56.72ID:dz6y3pao What Is Good English ? ９
To hit the mark of the serious literary style, one does not use the arrow of the obviously colloquial speech, and still less of popular speech. To hit the mark in colloquial conversation, one does not use the arrow of the formal speech, nor, among cultivated persons, of the popular speech, unless indeed one is ignorant of the fact that the usages are regarded as popular by the person whom one is addressing.
The popular speech naturally does not often come into conflict with the colloquial speech of polite conversation, or with the formal speech, since the characteristic of the popular speaker is his ignorance of the other forms of speech. For the same reason the speech of polite conversation does not, and need not, adapt itself to the popular speech when speakers of the two kinds come into contact with each other.
hit the mark 冒頭の「的を射る」がここでまた出てきて、この後の展開への「小さいまとめ」 ここが、この小論文の半分あたり。 0183ゴキブリ朝鮮人えワ殲滅キャンペーン絶賛開催中ピットクルー安藤2015/05/19(火) 17:18:37.74ID:7zpgr49+ お前の居場所はどこにもねーよ！ ゴキブリ！ 0184ゴキブリ朝鮮人えワ殲滅キャンペーン絶賛開催中ピットクルー安藤2015/05/19(火) 17:23:05.46ID:7zpgr49+ 「朝鮮人退散陀羅尼経」
常連往来 固定名無 毎日頭痛 妄想半島 驚愕唖然 年中無休 反日厨房 主張展開 洗脳教育 常識解脱 左翼新聞 錯誤報道 文化伝導 強要感謝 検定制度 内政干渉 従軍娼婦 補償要求 創氏改名 地位向上 強制連行 国外脱出 歴史歪曲 自爆民族 犯罪入国 贋作貨幣 強盗恐喝 婦人暴行 不良在日 帰化申請 模倣文化 滑稽千万 起源捏造 腹茶沸騰 伝統収奪 宗家願望 韓流幻想 外国喧伝 妄言国家 看過不可 涅槃到達 閑話休題 熱烈待望 国民覚醒 支援停止 竹島奪還 国交断絶 一心賛同 南北半島 平定祈願 民団総連 帰国解散 朝鮮退散 祈願心経 0186えワ2015/05/20(水) 01:33:04.03ID:V38VHcoF What Is Good English ? １０ ちょっと長いんだけど、 value of language がキーワード
Otherwise it is assumed "that a man of taste and ability will modify his use of language to meet the special requirements of the task proposed. He will have learned by study to distinguish between different tones and values in the instrument of speech, and will have acquired by exercise the power of touching that mighty organ of expression to various issues" [John Addington Symonds, Essays, Speculative and Suggestive, 1890, Vol. I, page 267].
It thus appears, if the above statements are true, that language which may be adequately expressive, and therefore good, under one set of circumstances, under a different set of circumstances becomes inadequately expressive, because it says more or less than the speaker intended, and so becomes bad English.
One learns thus the lesson of the complete relativity of the value of language, that there is no such thing as an absolute English, but that language is valuable only as it effects the purpose one wishes to attain, that what is good at one time may be bad at another, and what is bad at one time may be good at another. 0187ｺﾞｷﾌﾞﾘ朝鮮人糞ﾚｽえワ殲滅ｷｬﾝﾍﾟｰﾝ絶賛開催中ﾋﾟｯﾄｸﾙｰ退散曼荼羅2015/05/20(水) 01:39:47.95ID:HPT4Mcsw 常連往来 固定名無 毎日頭痛 妄想半島 驚愕唖然 年中無休 反日厨房 主張展開 洗脳教育 常識解脱 左翼新聞 錯誤報道 文化伝導 強要感謝 検定制度 内政干渉 従軍娼婦 補償要求 創氏改名 地位向上 強制連行 国外脱出 歴史歪曲 自爆民族 犯罪入国 贋作貨幣 強盗恐喝 婦人暴行 不良在日 帰化申請 模倣文化 滑稽千万 起源捏造 腹茶沸騰 伝統収奪 宗家願望 韓流幻想 外国喧伝 妄言国家 看過不可 涅槃到達 閑話休題 熱烈待望 国民覚醒 支援停止 竹島奪還 国交断絶 一心賛同 南北半島 平定祈願 民団総連 帰国解散 朝鮮退散 祈願心経 0188ｺﾞｷﾌﾞﾘ朝鮮人糞ﾚｽえワ殲滅ｷｬﾝﾍﾟｰﾝ絶賛開催中ﾋﾟｯﾄｸﾙｰ退散曼荼羅2015/05/20(水) 01:40:45.90ID:HPT4Mcsw 常連往来 固定名無 毎日頭痛 妄想半島 驚愕唖然 年中無休 反日厨房 主張展開 洗脳教育 常識解脱 左翼新聞 錯誤報道 文化伝導 強要感謝 検定制度 内政干渉 従軍娼婦 補償要求 創氏改名 地位向上 強制連行 国外脱出 歴史歪曲 自爆民族 犯罪入国 贋作貨幣 強盗恐喝 婦人暴行 不良在日 帰化申請 模倣文化 滑稽千万 起源捏造 腹茶沸騰 伝統収奪 宗家願望 韓流幻想 外国喧伝 妄言国家 看過不可 涅槃到達 閑話休題 熱烈待望 国民覚醒 支援停止 竹島奪還 国交断絶 一心賛同 南北半島 平定祈願 民団総連 帰国解散 朝鮮退散 祈願心経 0189ｺﾞｷﾌﾞﾘ朝鮮人糞ﾚｽえワ殲滅ｷｬﾝﾍﾟｰﾝ絶賛開催中ﾋﾟｯﾄｸﾙｰ退散曼荼羅2015/05/20(水) 01:41:54.73ID:HPT4Mcsw 「朝鮮人退散陀羅尼経」
But something further must be said about that tendency of English which results in what is known as the conventional, or standard, English. It is not necessary to discuss here why mankind strives to formulate customs and habits into a fixed system. The fact itself is obvious. Through this natural instinct, as we may call it, in all our social customs, of daily manners, of dress, of morals, of speech, more or less regularized systems of conduct grow up. In language, each community, whether it is large or small, has a general understanding that this or that pronunciation, or, this or that rule of grammar, is the accepted standard, or conventional, one. This general understanding is arrived at in a purely voluntary, and often at first unconscious, way. Nobody imposes, nobody has the power to impose, any rules of standard speech on a community. As we have before pointed out, a rule is merely the statement of the general custom of a community.
Speech communities standard, English. 二つのキーワードが提示される。 英語を習得する「場」としての「共同体」の機能がテーマになる。 0192名無しさん＠英語勉強中2015/05/20(水) 16:50:59.20ID:V38VHcoF What Is Good English ? １１
We might, consequently, speak of the standard popular, the standard colloquial, and the standard literary speech of this or that geographical community. Usually, however, the term is understood in a somewhat more limited sense. It is used to signify not merely the customary use of a community, but especially that use when it is recognized and acknowledged as the good use of that community. Any usage which is thus given its patent of respectability is regarded as standard use. It is customary use raised to the position of conscious legalized use. Of course the question of standard does not arise until there is some conflict of standards. As in the case of civil law, no customary practice is legalized, or standardized, until doubts are raised with respect to it, until some one attempts to depart from the customary practice. Then it is necessary to come to some agreement as to what shall be recognized as the accepted practice. In the case of civil law this is done either through the passing of a formal law by some legislative body, or through the decisions handed down by judges in passing upon disputed cases of customary and accepted practice in the dealings of men with each other.
the standard popular, the standard colloquial, the standard literary
geographical community 「方言」と「標準語」 無理に訳さず、日本語に置き換えて考えたほうが理解しやすいかも。 0193ｺﾞｷﾌﾞﾘ朝鮮人糞ﾚｽえワ殲滅ｷｬﾝﾍﾟｰﾝ絶賛開催中ﾋﾟｯﾄｸﾙｰ退散曼荼羅2015/05/20(水) 16:58:28.18ID:1+5ZqHTA 「朝鮮人退散陀羅尼経」
In matters of language the legal or standard practice cannot be so easily determined. Owing to the fact that there is no legislative body in language, no specified court of appeal, there is occasionally lack of agreement as to what shall and what shall not be recognized as the accepted use of the language.
The government of the language is not as fully and as definitely organized as is the governmentof the business and other overt acts of men. In many instances, or rather in most instances, there is unanimity of opinion, and then we have an unquestioned and general standard use. The great body of English usage is thus made up of forms of language with respect to which there is practically no difference of opinion.
例えば、２つの共同体で違う表現をしている場合、どちらの表現が正しいと判断するか。 0200名無しさん＠英語勉強中2015/05/20(水) 18:42:55.74ID:V38VHcoF What Is Good English ? １３
Sometimes, however, due to various causes, such as the coming together of two speakers from two different geographical or social speech communities, instances occur in which there arises difference of opinion. In one community or one group, he don't, or these kind of people, or I will, for the future, will be accepted as the conventional, standard speech of the community. When they are used in this community or this group, they express their thought completely, and carry with them no connotation to the discredit of the speaker. In another geographical community, or by certain speakers within a community, these usages will be condemned as not standard, therefore as not satisfactorily expressive, and consequently as "wrong" or "incorrect." Who shall decide? Nothing can decide but the observation of custom. What is defended as customary use by a community, or even by a single speaker, to carry the matter to its final analysis, is standard, or conventional, or "right," or "correct,"in that community or for that speaker.
The question of correctness and incorrectness, that is, of standard, can only arise when a conflict of opinion arises, and this conflict can only be decided by such an extension of the field of observation of customary use, on the particular question, as will determine finally what the true custom is. That this is often a difficult matter is not to be denied; it is, however, only one of the many ways in which man is driven to an observation of his surroundings and to a continual adaption of his conduct to these surroundings. The importance of standard speech for the welfare of the community should also be recognized. It is only by the acceptance of general custom that speech can be made effective at all, and it is every speaker's duty to follow the best custom of the speech as he views it. Not idiosyncrasy, not singularity, should be the ideal in speech, but a wise adjustment to and harmony with the general custom of the speech.
複数の共同体の「方言」から「いい英語」を選ぶには。 ここら辺がキーワードになるね。 what the true custom is the welfare of the community effective 次から「結」びの部分になるけど、 この流れで「英語のあるべき姿」をイメージして、当たるかどうか試すのも「お楽しみ」になるね。 0205ｺﾞｷﾌﾞﾘ朝鮮人糞ﾚｽえワ殲滅ｷｬﾝﾍﾟｰﾝ絶賛開催中ﾋﾟｯﾄｸﾙｰ退散曼荼羅2015/05/20(水) 22:52:28.60ID:CTmKANmD 「朝鮮人退散陀羅尼経」
Standard, and in that sense conventional and "correct," English is consequently not altogether the same thing as good English. We have said that standard English is the customary use of a community when it is recognized and accepted as the customary use of the community. Beyond this, however, is the larger field of good English, any English that justifies itself by accomplishing its end, by hitting the mark. It is plain that standard English must continually refresh itself by accepting the creations of good English. It has always been so in the past, and so it is in the present. If the standardizing tendency were carried to its fullest extent, it would result in a complete fixity of language.
ここから「結び」 0215えワ2015/05/21(木) 02:08:05.65ID:R4l9lnXe What Is Good English ? １６
If by following standard use one should have to follow customary use, it is plain that there could be no place in the standard speech for innovation-- all would be summed up in the simple formula, Follow custom. Language would thus soon cease to be positively expressive; it would soon come to have no more personal value than an algebraic formula. But fortunately the standardizing tendency can never be carried out to its completest development, and opposed to it, or at least complementing it, will always be the ideal of good English in the broadest sense of the words. All that the standardizing tendency can do is to fix a vague and general outline of the language. This indeed is necessary and valuable to prevent a complete chaos of pronunciation, of vocabulary, and of grammar. But within these vague limits there is broad freedom. Poets and prose writers, lively imaginations of all kinds, in speech as in literature, are continually widening the bounds of the conventional and standard language by adding to it something that was not there before. They must do so if speech is ever to rise above the dead level of the commonplace. 0216えワ2015/05/21(木) 02:10:56.44ID:R4l9lnXe What Is Good English ? end
Justice of perception consists in knowing how and when and where to deviate from the beaten track. But deviation there must be, and the persons who attain an individual style in the use of language are those who seize their opportunities as they present themselves. To them the prime and necessary virtue in language is expressiveness, and, as complementing this, there should correspond on the part of the hearer or reader the willingness to receive the expression as fully as it was intended. Again, however, we insist on the continual application of the test of good English-- it must be satisfactorily expressive. If it does not justify itself by accomplishing its purpose, if it shocks the prejudices, or the traditions, of the person to whom it is directed, or if it be unintelligible, if in any way it fails to secure a satisfactory and unhindered transmission of the thought, then to the extent of this failure it is bad English. And it is bad not because it has failed to satisfy any condition of theoretical, ideal excellence, any notions of standard, but because in the actual practice of the art of language it has failed to produce the result for which that art exists.
