This is a very exciting paper. Most of these lineages are so young that there are good chances that their founders were figures from history or mythology.
The most interesting one is DC2 which was also found in south Siberian Kurgans, belongs to haplogroup R1a1 and is given an age of 3,284 years by the authors (with some almost impossibly wide confidence intervals).
Based on its distribution, and if a Bronze Age date is right, it is difficult to see in it anything other than a patrilineage that was present in Proto-Indo-Iranians.
3 Tiglath-Pileser III, 744?727 BC 3.1 Invasion of Israel (738 BC) 4 Sargonid dynasty 4.1 Sargon II, 721?705 BC 4.2 Sennacherib, 705?681 BC 4.3 Esarhaddon, 681?669 BC 4.4 Ashurbanipal, 669?627 BC 4.4.1 Legacy of Ashurbanipal 0114世界@名無史さん2015/01/21(水) 02:05:35.660>>111 はっはーん
In 1961, Israeli archaeologist Pessah Bar-Adon discovered a hoard of Chalcolithic artifacts in a cave on the northern side of Nahal Mishmar.[1] The hoard included 432 copper, bronze, ivory and stone decorated objects; 240 mace heads, about 100 scepters, 5 crowns, powder horns, tools and weapons.[2][3] Archaeologist David Ussishkin has suggested the hoard was the cultic furniture of the abandoned Chalcolithic Temple of Ein Gedi.[4][5] Prominent finds from the hoard are currently on display in the archaeology wing of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
Dating; use of lost-wax process[edit]
Many of these copper objects were made using the lost-wax process, the earliest known use of this complex technique.
"Carbon-14 dating of the reed mat in which the objects were wrapped suggests that it dates to at least 3500 B.C. It was in this period that the use of copper became widespread throughout the Levant, attesting to considerable technological developments that parallel major social advances in the region."[6]
Some of the tools in the hoard were made of arsenical bronze, or perhaps arsenical copper. Since they contain a rather high percentage of arsenic (4?12%), they should technically be described as arsenical bronze; also such objects have a bright, silvery appearance. Arsenic in copper makes is harder than pure copper and more easily cast. 0132世界@名無史さん2015/02/07(土) 21:29:11.930 インドは中東やエジプトと同じくヘレニズム地域でしょ。古代ギリシアが起源なのは本当じゃん。 世界史の教科書にもアレキサンダー大王によるヘレニズムによって現在のそれらの地域のモデルが形成されたと書かれてる。 0133世界@名無史さん2015/02/08(日) 12:23:01.860>>132 現在のそれらの地域のモデルが形成されたのは 少なくともイスラム以後 普通に考えたら大英帝国とその後 になると思います。 0134世界@名無史さん2015/02/09(月) 13:01:49.930 イスラムはアレクサンドロス三世の遠征が起源だから当然じゃん 0135世界@名無史さん2015/02/10(火) 00:01:42.770 お世話になります。 私、責任者の加茂と申します。以後、宜しくお願い致します。 http://www.apamanshop.com/membersite/27009206/images/kamo.jpg 浪速建設様の見解と致しましては、メールによる対応に関しましては 受付しないということで、当初より返信を行っていないようで、今後につい てもメールや書面での対応は致しかねるというお答えでした。 http://www.o-naniwa.com/index.html 事務員 東条 南野 http://www.o-naniwa.com/company/ 岡田常路 このように現在まで6通のメールを送られたとのことですが、結果一度も 返信がないとう状況になっています。 http://www.apamanshop-hd.co.jp/ 加茂正樹 舟橋大介 http://s-at-e.net/scurl/nibn-apaman.html 大村浩次 私どものほうでも現在までのメール履歴は随時削除を致しております ので実際に11通のメールを頂戴しているか不明なところであります。
The texts were written in Akkadian. These texts revealed that during this period the site was called Shusharra, that it was the capital of a polity called m?t Utem or "land of the gatekeeper" and that it was ruled by a man named Kuwari.[17]
Chronologically, the archive can be divided in two parts, one covering the period during which Shemshara was the capital of a small semi-independent kingdom, and one covering the period after Kuwari became a vassal of Shamshi-Adad, who at that time had already conquered Mari and Shubat-Enlil and was now campaigning in the Zagros Mountains. Together, these two periods do not last longer than 3 years.
The letters in the Shemshara archive show that during this period, Kuwari had to deal with Turukkean refugees coming from the east and fleeing a war with Guteans; events which are also mentioned in the much larger archives found in Mari on the Syrian Euphrates. 0154世界@名無史さん2015/03/16(月) 02:59:06.160>>143 >とすると、シュメールの起源
The dichotomy structure of Y chromosome Haplogroup N
Haplogroup N-M231 of human Y chromosome is a common clade from Eastern Asia to Northern Europe, being one of the most frequent haplogroups in Altaic and Uralic-speaking populations. Using newly discovered bi-allelic markers from high-throughput DNA sequencing, we largely improved the phylogeny of Haplogroup N , in which 16 subclades could be identified by 33 SNPs.
More than 400 males belonging to Haplogroup N in 34 populations in China were successfully genotyped, and populations in Northern Asia and Eastern Europe were also compared together.
We found that all the N samples were typed as inside either clade N1-F1206 (including former N1a-M128, N1b-P43 and N1c-M46 clades), most of which were found in Altaic, Uralic, Russian and Chinese-speaking populations, or N2-F2930, common in Tibeto-Burman and Chinese-speaking populations.
Our detailed results suggest that Haplogroup N developed in the region of China since the final stage of late Paleolithic Era. 0163世界@名無史さん2015/05/09(土) 21:49:54.550 ふーむふむ
参考文献: I. et al.(2015): Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature, 528, 7583, 499?503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature161520178世界@名無史さん2016/01/25(月) 23:53:48.770>>177 これちょっと前に見たときに気になってたんだけど シンタシュタ/アンドロノブォ載ってるんだよね
a, Locations colour-coded by date, with a random jitter added for visibility (8 Afanasievo and Andronovo samples lie further east and are not shown).
b, Principal component analysis of 777 modern West Eurasian samples (grey), with 221 ancient samples projected onto the first two principal component axes and labelled by culture.
E/M/LN, Early/Middle/Late Neolithic; LBK, Linearbandkeramik; E/WHG, Eastern/Western hunter-gatherer; EBA, Early Bronze Age; IA, Iron Age; LNBA, Late Neolithic and Bronze Age. 0179世界@名無史さん2016/04/18(月) 20:00:23.050 仏陀がヨガ修行者になる前の応じ時代にペルシャからバビロンまで拠点にしていたという 主張をする英語圏の学者がいる模様 0180世界@名無史さん2016/04/18(月) 23:21:37.370 「王子だった時代」の間違い〜 0181世界@名無史さん2016/08/20(土) 22:06:15.370 さて、久しぶりに確認してみようか ブランクが長すぎていろいろと怪しいが 0182世界@名無史さん2016/08/20(土) 22:27:53.040 前にちらっと見てたときにこれが気になっていたのだが、、、
Comparison of Irish and Central European ancient genomes for haplotype-based affinity to modern populations. Interpolated heatmaps comparing relative haplotype donations by two Irish (Ballynahatty, Rathlin1) and two Hungarian (NE1, BR2) ancient genomes. 0183世界@名無史さん2016/08/20(土) 22:38:08.120 オークニーの集団墓地のやつはどうなったんだろうか、、、
(1). The two most transformative are the arrival of agriculture (?3750 BC) followed by the onset of metallurgy (?2300 BC). The Neolithic package characterized by animal husbandry, cereal crops, ceramics, and timber houses reached the shores of Ireland some 5,000 years after its beginnings in the Near East. The second great wave of change starts with the appearance of copper mines, associated with Bell Beaker pottery, which are quickly followed by Bronze tool-making, weaponry, and gold-working, with distinct Food Vessel pottery succeeding from the earlier beakers
(2). This period coincides with the end of the large passage graves of Neolithic Ireland in favor of single burials and smaller wedge tombs.
To address this controversy, we present here the first, to our knowledge, genome-wide data from four ancient Irish individuals, a Neolithic woman (3343?3020 cal BC) from Ballynahatty, Co. Down, found in the context of an early megalithic passage-like grave, and three Early Bronze Age men from a cist burial in Rathlin Island, Co. Antrim (2026?1534 cal BC) with associated Food Vessel pottery (16) (SI Appendix, Section S1).
Molecular sex determination agreed with archaeological results (SI Appendix, Section S7), and whole mitochondrial chromosome haplogroups were assigned (Table 1 and SI Appendix, Section S7).
The Neolithic individual, Ballynahatty, belongs to HV0, a clade with highest frequencies seen in Early and Middle Neolithic (MN) groups from Germany and France (9, 17, 18) and which has not been identified in any Mesolithic Europeans.
The Bronze Age individuals belonged to the haplogroups U5 and J2b. Notably, the three Bronze Age males each belong to the Y chromosome haplogroup R1b1a2a1a2c (SI Appendix, Section S8). This lineage is characterized by a modern east?west frequency gradient in the British Isles, and is almost fixed (94%) in the West of Ireland (19, 20).
R1b haplotypes have been argued as first appearing with steppe incursion in the central European Bronze Age (9). 0186世界@名無史さん2016/11/21(月) 19:50:19.690 私は元創価の会員でした。 すぐ隣に防衛省の背広組みの官舎があるのですが、 自分の家の窓にUSB接続のwebカメラを貼り付けて、そこの動画を撮影し続け、 学会本部に送っていました。
(a) Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup frequencies of three ancient and two modern-day populations,
(b) Principal Component Analysis based on haplogroup frequencies: (sub-Saharan Africa (green), North Africa (light green), Near East (orange), Europe (yellow), ancient (blue),
(c) MDS of HVR-I sequence data: colour scheme as above; note that ancient groups were pooled,
(d) Skygrid plot depicting effective population size estimates over the last 5,000 years in Egypt. Vertical bars indicate the ages of the analysed 90 mitochondrial genomes (three samples with genome-wide data highlighted in red). Note that the values on y axis are given in female effective population size times generation time and were rescaled by 1:14.5 for the estimation of the studied population size (assuming 29-year generation time and equal male and female effective population sizes) (images by Kerttu Majander). 0190世界@名無史さん2017/06/03(土) 13:23:33.040>>188
(a) Principal Component Analysis-based genome-wide SNP data of three ancient Egyptians, 2,367 modern individuals and 294 previously published ancient genomes,
(b) subset of the full ADMIXTURE analysis (Supplementary Fig. 4).
(a) Outgroup f3-statistics measuring shared drift of the three ancient Egyptian samples and other modern and ancient populations, (b) The data shown in a, compared with the same estimates for modern Egyptians, ordered by shared drift with modern Egyptians, (c) Admixture f3-statistics, testing whether modern Egyptians are mixed from ancient Egyptians and some other source. The most negative Z-scores indicate the most likely source populations.